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Why we need to change

January 27th, 2012

Greenpeace recently commissioned a survey to determine the true cost of coal to South Africa. The survey, done by the University of Pretoria’s Business Enterprises unit, delivered truly shocking results.

More than 90% of the electricity in South Africa is generated by coal powered stations, and Eskom isn’t planning on changing that any time soon. Eskom is currently building two more coal powered stations, Kusile and Medupi, which, on completion will be among the largest in the world. The budget to build these new stations is R385 billion and each will have a life span of 50 years! Even worse is the fact that Kusile will produce up to 37 million tons of carbon dioxide every year.

This has led to South Africa becoming one of the biggest polluters in the world. South Africa is the fifth highest producer of coal, and the sixth highest user in the world.

The other side of the spectrum is even worse. Only 2 GWh (Gigawatt) of South Africa’s 237 000 Gwh is produced from wind power. The fact that they are currently building these two massive stations has also meant that there is no funding  available for the development of renewable energy sources .Eskom is lax in it’s efforts to build more solar and wind powered stations, and that needs to change!

The South African government wants to create 111 000 new jobs in the current energy industry, but this study has found that 149 000 new jobs can be created, if government invested in the renewable energy sector.

Greenpeace also recently published a different report entitled ‘The Advanced Energy [R]evolution: A sustainable energy outlook for South Africa’, in which it outlines key aspects of the renewable energy sector. They state that if government gradually phased out coal power, and invested in sun and wind power, half of South Africa’s energy could come from renewable sources by 2030, thus eliminating the need to build the Kusile power station.

Eskom argues that these stations are necessary in order to provide electricity to the nearly 10 million people living without it, but this is not true. It would take much less time and money to build renewable electricity stations close to areas that need it most, and so doing, be able to provide 10 million people with safe, renewable energy.

The easiest way to petition against the building of these coal stations is at http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/use-me-more/ . Here you can sign up to the Greenpeace petition to get government to better utilize sun and wind power.

It is up to you to make the change. So sign up, and help protect our beautiful planet.

(This is a post by our intern Kristian Meijer)

(Image by Senor Codo, CC by-SA 2.0, via Flickr)

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Posted in Alternative Energy & Fuel, Carbon Emissions, Climate Control, Environment, Environmental Damage

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SA sets carbon budgets to reduce global warming

October 31st, 2011

The fastest growing agenda with business sectors around the world seems to be “Environmentalism’, often referred to as ‘going green’. As climate change impacts the environment at a drastic pace, so are governments setting increasingly stricter rules on carbon footprints. There seems to be a growing consciousness amongst industrial businesses regarding the abuse wrought on the environment, and if serious action is not taken immediately it will come back to haunt us – badly.

Burning fossil fuels such as gas, coal and oil releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, plants and trees re-absorb the carbon dioxide, however, industrial businesses are burning these fuels at such a rate that plants and trees do not have time to soak up the carbon dioxide. This results in creating large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which ends up creating global warming. In order to challenge the amount of fossil fuels being burnt, South Africa is one of the many countries that is turning ‘going green’ by reducing carbon footprints.

It was recently announced that heavy carbon-emitting sectors will be given two years to settle their ‘carbon budgets’. This implies that sectors emitting significant amounts of carbon will be required to develop strategies that will encourage low-carbon emissions. The government also plans to form a ‘Climate Change Response Measurement and Evaluation System’ draft which will deal with carbon measurement standards, as well as reporting and verification methods.

Government plans to be involved with these carbon-emitting industries in order to help them develop carbon budgets that are cost-effective but also have sustainable effects for the economy and the sectors involved. South Africa wants to create and preserve jobs whilst making a contribution to the corporate global effort in going green. The effects of these environmental carbon budgets are long-term; it is expected that emissions will only start declining from 2036 onwards. In addition to setting carbon budgets, the National Treasury is considering implementing carbon taxes, emissions trading schemes, incentives and regulatory policy measures. Other tactics to reduce carbon emission include energy efficiency schemes, public works programmes like the ‘Working for Water’ initiative which reduces alien invasion, renewable energy projects, low-carbon transportation plans, waste management and the display of carbon capture and storage.

The United Nations will hold further talks on carbon emission limits in December in South Africa. Large investors representing more than $20 trillion in assets will be attending the talks, which will deal with setting legally enforceable carbon limits in a way that will prod the level of investment needed to keep temperatures from rising further.

“Individual nations will be in a stronger position to attract private capital to stimulate their economies by implementing clear and credible climate policies,” said Frank Pegan, chair of the Sydney-based Investor Group on Climate Change.

(This is a post by our intern Ivelina Dineva)

(Image by Mackie Drew derivative work: Lbeaumont (FlameV1.png) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

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Celebrate Green Day (hint: it’s not about the band)

September 22nd, 2011

If you’re one of South Africa’s eco-warriors you may already be familiar with Food & Trees for Africa (FTFA), which styles itself as the country’s first and only social enterprise that focuses primarily on environmental and global warming education and awareness. It was established by Jeunesse Park in 1990 and one of its founding patrons was Dame Helen Suzman. As you might gather from the name, it has an arboreal bent. Initially it was called Trees for Africa, but in 2000 Food was added to recognise that food security was just as important to promoting green living among all communities as planting trees.

In the 21 years of its existence it has amassed a number of awards and accolades and has earned international acclaim for its efforts. Drawing on this clout, FTFA has declared 30 September 2011 Green Day.

The aim is to take environmental awareness to the masses, instead of preaching to the converted – which is how Park refers to many green efforts that take place these days.

To maximise Green Day’s chances of success, FTFA has partnered with Global Carbon Exchange (GCX).

Commenting on Green Day, GCX’s marketing manager, Ingrid Mech, said, “We are hoping to mobilise the nation by showing their support for green issues by wearing green on the day, supporting a green cause in their community such as cleaning up a local park, donating to a green cause – or by changing their Facebook profile pictures to show that they are aware of green issues and support Green Day.”

September has a strong eco-focus with a number of “Days” dedicated to eco-themes, including:

  • Arbour Month.
  • Clean up South Africa Week (12 – 17 September).
  • Clean up the World Weekend (17 – 19 September).
  • Car-free Day (22 September).
  • Heritage Day (24 September).
  • Moving Planet Day (moving away from fossil fuels – 24 September).
  • Day of 1000 Trees (24 September).
  • World Rivers Day (25 September).

Some of FTFA’s accolades include:

  • 1995 Winner of the Department of Environmental Affairs Conserva Award.
  • Laureate of the UN Global 500 Role of Honour.
  • 1996 Winner of the President’s Forestry Award.
  • 2001 Winner of the Mail & Guardian Investing in the Future Awards for Trees for Homes.
  • Jeunesse Park has received the International Chevron Conservation Award.
  • 2009 Winner of the Sangonet Best Use of Social Media and Best Website Award.
  • 2010 Winner of UN SEED Award.

Find out more about Food & Trees for Africa.

 
(Image by Curt Smith from Bellevue, WA, USA (Flickr) [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons)

 

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Posted in Carbon Emissions, Climate Control, Conservation, Environment, Green Living

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Bleeding clean energy: a city for keeps?

February 9th, 2011

Just outside of the opulent city of Dubai lies a community that almost defies everything the consumerist metropolis stands for. The city of Masdar is entirely unique; a totally green centre that will seemingly attract every eco-friendly energy researcher and companies with a conscience.

Brian Merchant of TreeHugger.com believes it’s an acceptable metaphor for clean energy: “full of potential, only a fraction realised, continually delayed, undeniably exciting – - and nobody’s quite sure how seriously anyone else is taking it.”

It’s true that individuals remain perplexed as to how to approach the subject of “green living”, “eco-friendly” and “carbon free”. It is a lifestyle that demands constant work, attention and money, things that the average person doesn’t happily want to spend on a cause that will not instantly benefit them.

This “carbon-neutral oasis”, as Merchant describes it, is a good example. While the intention behind it may be beneficial to the world’s understanding of clean energy the whole idea still seems pretty elitist. Only people with money can buy electric vehicles (EVs) and install charging stations, only people with money can buy solar panels to light up their houses and only people with money could possible develop the idea and construction of an entirely carbon neutral city.

The city itself is phenomenal; it is a high-tech society bent on propelling Abu Dhabi as a forerunner in the race to become the “pre-eminent source of renewable energy knowledge, development, implementation,” and to become the “world’s benchmark for sustainable development”. It’s also pulling out all the stops. Masdar Power focuses its attention on Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), wind power and photovoltaic solar energy (I had never heard of such a thing).

Masdar looks like a city out of a sci-fi film; the extensive structures, the board upon board of solar panels, the interesting architectural design. And it’s not a place for your average person (or so it seems); while the Masdar website states that it is pedestrian-friendly, there appears to be a strong indication that the city is actually for individuals and corporations that are strongly involved in the further development or implementation of clean-technology. Currently it is home to less than two hundred people.

I love the idea of a community living and working towards a clean energy, low impact lifestyle, but that’s one of the pitfalls of Masdar. The real challenge is to integrate clean living into the world’s already existing lifestyles. It doesn’t really help to create an exclusive society removed from the rest of the world in an attempt to solve the world’s energy issues.

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The elimination of carbon emissions: is it all just hot gas?

February 7th, 2011

We’ve definitely got a problem; we consume so much fuel in pretty much all aspects of our lives that the carbon emissions levels are dangerously high. The only possible answer to this pollutant is for us to revert back to living in caves, cooking over an open fire, right? Well, according to UK-based company, Cella Energy; wrong.

Apparently Cell Energy’s scientists have been working on the development of a synthetic form of fuel thay may have a significant affect on the world’s gas consumption. The project has been going for four years, and CEO Stephen Voller now believes the fuel is ready to be revealed.

Imagine driving around in a completely emissions-free car, or not having to worry whether the products you buy have used gallons of fuel to get to you. Voller recently spoke to Gizmag: “We have developed new micro-beads that can be used in an existing gasoline or petrol vehicle to replace oil-based fuels”. He continued by explaining that, surprisingly, the beads can be used in existing vehicles without modifications.

The fuel is hydrogen-based and, according to Cella Energy, it doesn’t produce carbon emissions when used. If the wonder-fuel is as clean and impressive as it sounds it will mean that people around the world can stop worrying about the environmental effects of driving around in their cars. It will also mean that dipping and peaking oil prices will no longer matter.

Currently it’s expensive to embark on a “green” lifestyle; electric vehicles (EVs) and charging stations cost a pretty penny to buy and install. But the fuel, which is being hailed on the Cella Energy website as “New Oil” or “Oil 2.0”, could be the cost-effective answer.

But as TrendHunter reported: “It almost sounds to good to be true”. Storage of the element has been user-unfriendly causing hydrogen to be a fairytale fuel option. When burned it produces pure water, so would be the perfect solution to all the pollution currently being pumped into our atmosphere by cars, but everyday people don’t know how to manage the element.

According to the lead scientist heading the project for the UK’s Science and Technology Facilities Council, Professor Stephen Bennington, this will no longer be a problem. They have developed a new storage technique that should see the element become a more viable option.

Guess we’ll have to wait and see; who knows, if it’s taken four years to develop the method, perhaps it may take another four to get the project into the real world.

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It is possible live without cars

January 20th, 2011

Cars are not eco-friendly. We all know that. Hybrid cars ease our conscience and electric cars are becoming more common on the market, even hydrogen cars are starting to make an appearance, but no matter how clean the car, it still takes an enormous amount of energy to make it and the manufacturing process is carbon intensive. The only real solution is to wean ourselves off cars completely, or almost completely. Before panic sets in, consider that there are some cities that have flourished without any cars at all, and have done so for years. Consider also that many large cities are creating car-free zones where you will have no choice but to hoof it.

Mother Nature Network lists seven car-free cities, the most famous of which is Venice, Italy. Venice has around 70 000 permanent residents, not to mention the hundreds of thousands tourists who flock to the city every year, and none of them use cars. In fact, the primary attraction of the city, for tourists at least, is the opportunity to use gondolas instead of mundane motorcars. Venice has the honour of being Europe’s largest car-free urban area, but there are other cities that wouldn’t mind claiming the crown.

Vauban is a car-free neighbourhood in the city of Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg is one of the most eco-friendly cities in Europe (if not the most eco-friendly), so it should come as no surprise that it contains one of the largest car-free neighbourhoods on the continent. Vauban is home to over 5000 people, and while residents are allowed to own cars, they are not allowed to have them in the neighbourhood. Instead they have to park them in a multi-storey car park built specifically for this purpose. As testament to the prevalence of the car-free attitude, the car park is said to be practically empty.

Groningen is the capital city of the Groningen Province in the Netherlands and is known as the “capital of cycling”. It contains the largest car-free centre in Europe. Only a quarter of the 16 500 residents own a car, the rest all travel by bicycle.

Pure car-free cities
Vauban and Groningen are examples of car-free areas within cities; Mother Nature Network looked specifically at pure car-free cities. In addition to Venice these include:

•    The Medina of Fes-al-Bali, Morocco contains more than 156,000 people and is one of the largest contiguous car-free urban areas in the world. The reason for this probably has less to do with environmental concerns and more to do with practicality. The city’s streets are simply not wide enough to accommodate cars. In fact they’re often not wide enough for bicycles.

•    Sark Island, United Kingdom allows only horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles and tractors, with come concessions to the older residents who may drive approved battery-powered buggies.

•    Mackinac Island, Michigan, United States banned motorised vehicles in 1898 and it has never been repealed. Residents travel by horse-drawn carriage and bicycle, although the island is so small that most people walk.

•    Hydra, Saronic Islands, Greece is a tourist haven owing to its clean air and rugged coastline. One of the reasons the air is so clean is because the only motorised vehicles around are rubbish trucks, everyone else uses horses, donkeys and water taxis. Although, once again, people usually opt to walk.

•    Lamu Island, Kenya is a World Heritage Site thanks to it being “the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa”. Part of its preservation can be attributed to the fact that no vehicles are allowed. Donkeys are the most common mode of transport.

•    La Cumbrecita, Argentina is known for its emphasis on eco-tourism. As a result it has banned all vehicles and earned itself the moniker “pedestrian town”. To reach the town one has to park in a lot some distance away and walk.

All of which proves that living without cars is possible. All we need is a change of attitude.

(image by Joachim Köhler (Own work) via Wikimedia Commons)

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Retrofitting drive heats up China’s icy homes

January 20th, 2011

China is on a mission to reduce its carbon emissions and change the perception that it’s apathetic toward climate change to one that reflects a proactive attitude. In 2006 it came out with a five year plan to reduce its energy intensity, placing municipalities and commercial and industrial sectors under enormous pressure to meet quotas. The intentions have been good, but as is to be expected with such a large-scale undertaking, results have been mixed.

The good

One of the success stories has to do with retrofitting old buildings to make them more energy efficient. This has been particularly important in the north-eastern regions of Japan where cold fronts come courtesy of Siberia’s frozen tundra and temperatures have been known to drop to -40 degrees Celsius. Energy consumption is staggering as homes, flats and businesses have the heating on for at least half the year.

Cities such as Harbin, Qingdao and Lanzhou have taken a layered approach to the problem and are retrofitting residential buildings with five layers of insulation in the walls, insulation for roofs and even better windows in an effort to keep out the cold. Some residents have compared the insulation to a new winter wardrobe and refer to coats and hats when talking about their improved walls and roofs.

According to Harbin officials (cited in a National Geographic article), the retrofitting drive will increase energy efficiency by as much as 50%.

The bad

The retrofitting drive has received some criticism for the almost negligent manner in which some people think it has been implemented. There have been complaints of poor construction and inferior construction materials. There have also been safety concerns, particularly with regard to flammability.

Other problems include energy pricing systems. Residents are typically charged a flat rate based on the size of their home or flat and not on the actual amount of energy used. This leads to a lot of wastage as people leave the heating on just because they can.

There are also few incentives for people and businesses to save energy and subsidies barely merit a mention.

The future

According to Mark Levine, head of the China Energy Group at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the country needs a structural change in the economy. But China is reluctant to take drastic action in this regard in case it derails their development drive, which has gained significant momentum over the past decade or so and helped the country become a super power.

There is also the fact that China needs to develop to accommodate its growing population, especially as urbanisation increases.

In addition to an economic overhaul, the Chinese government also needs to come up with a comprehensive plan to address energy consumption, as opposed to setting vague (and ambitious) targets. It also needs to provide its people with reasons to change. Unless change starts from the top and comes from within it’s unlikely that a positive attitude will filter down to the masses.

(image by FloNight (Sydney Poore) and Russell Poore, via Wikimedia Commons)

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Cancun agreement: will there be a global climate deal?

January 20th, 2011

Governements in Cancun, Mexico have decided to ignore fear and follow hope by putting the building blocks back in place for a global deal to beat climate change. It has been years since governements have put aside their major differences and welcomed compromise in an attempt to reach a climate agreement.

The ride isn’t always smooth though, and with compromise comes frustration. While the UN climate conference in Cancun has set discussions back on the right path, we have yet to see any positive physical results from the talks. While it’s a step forward that governments are refraining from walk-outs, talk-collapses and receiving public booing, co-operation and compromise is not yet yielding finals decisions or results.

There are still a few countries holding the progress back with negative influences such as America, Japan and Russia, with the latter two being unhelpful with their statements against the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. The US arrived in Mexico with inadequate commitments to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. As the country with the highest amount of emissions it failed to take responsibility and thus takes no steps forward.

According to the Cancun agreement governments have quite some work to do to follow through on the talks, especially with regards to cutting emissions. The issue cannot be left in the hands of our governments; those that belong to civil society need to take a unified stand and demand that their respective leaders focus on redoubling efforts to change attitudes and actions at home.

There are a few points that need to be followed to make the agreement a real and good one:

1. Climate finance: Governements established a fund to deliver the billions needed for the developing world to deal with climate change and halt deforestation. There was no agreement made in terms of the provision of that money.

2. The protection of tropical forests: The decision as to the mechanism that will protect the forests as well as safeguarding indigenous peoples’ rights and biodiversity has not been properly decided. The REDD agreement sidesteps some vital parts that need to be defined and strengthened.

3. Governments acknowledged the gap between current weak efforts and pledges to cut greenhouse emissions and where they need to get to. They also calculated that cuts need to be between 25 and 40 percent by 2020, and global temperature rise needs to be kept below two degrees.

The problem has been discussed and the severity of the situation acknowledged. Now governments need to come up with a deal to start-off the efforts to make the needed changes. The deal must be struck in a few months from now at the Durban, South Africa for COP17 talks.

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It’s Noah’s Ark but not as we know it

January 17th, 2011

In the movie 2012 (roundly criticised

By Rene Ehrhardt, via Wikimedia Commons

by scientists for being wildly unrealistic), the world as we know it ends in a great flood and people only survive by virtue of giant

arks – in the same vein as Noah’s famous vessel but infinitely

more advanced. Old Noah has done more than inspire

Hollywood; he has also provided the basic idea from which other great minds have leapt, such as Russian architect Alexander Remizov, who has designed an eco-friendly dome capable of withstanding biblical floods.

Remizov’s dome, unimaginatively called “The Ark” is designed to be constructed in a very short period of time (under six months), uses eco-friendly materials and is entirely self-sustaining. It can be built for life on land or on water and is capable of withstanding earthquakes and tornados.

Remizov designed the dome with one of his colleagues, Lev Britvin, in connection with the International Union of Architects’ Disaster Relief programme. In line with the principles of the union’s “Architecture and Renewable Energy Sources” programme, the Ark doesn’t require external support systems, can be constructed quickly in adverse climate conditions and its construction has minimal impact on the environment.

The Ark is built from wood, steel, high-tech plastic, and solar panels and can be scaled to accommodate between 50 and 10 000 people. Instead of glass, Remizov uses a high-tech durable and self-cleaning foil, which is transparent so that indoor plants can grow. An indoor jungle will help establish a microclimate, while energy will be generated from the sun and wind.

In an email interview with the Star, Remizov said, “I like the idea of creating an independent-from-power-networks building that can be constructed in the most beautiful places, including the water surface, while respecting the environment. The building (would have an) organised community which has everything necessary for its prosperity and growth.”

Remizov is currently in discussions with investors and the Russian Council of Sustainable Buildings, to bring his vision to life.

Other ideas for futuristic, self-sustaining biospheres include:

Lilypad, a floating ecopolis is designed by Vincent Callebaut Architects as an “auto-sufficient amphibious city”. It is based on the capable design of the lily pads found in the Amazon River basin and incorporates all aspects of eco-living to achieve a “positive energetic balance with zero carbon emission”. It will be able to accommodate up to 50 000 people.

The Magic Mountains designed by the CEBO/Chongqing University architect team is a series of green buildings in the business district in Chongqing, China which are built to mimic the surrounding mountainous landscape. The unique design is not simply for aesthetics but will also optimise the passive heating and cooling system and reduce energy consumption. The Magic Mountains are effectively a self-contained city in which only walking and cycling will be permitted.

For more futuristic eco-buildings visit Design Swan.

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Will China lead the fight against climate change?

January 17th, 2011

When Beijing hosted the Olympics in 2008 much hue and cry was made of the appalling pollution and the fact that one very seldom saw blue sky. There were rumours that the government went to extreme measures to bring the level of contamination down, at least temporarily, such as limiting the number of cars on the city’s roads and shooting chemicals in the sky (which seems counter-productive). Whatever it did, worked and very few athletes complained of the conditions. But after the crowds left the smog and smoke were back and Beijing’s citizens dug out their surgical masks.

China is notorious for its carbon emissions, as well as its apparent reluctance to do anything about them. The perception is not helped much by public statements like those issued in February 2010 by Su Wei, the chief negotiator of China for climate change talks in Copenhagen and the director of the department for combating climate change under the National Development Reform Commission. According to Su Wei, China would not set an upper limit on greenhouse gas emissions as “China’s greenhouse gas emissions have to grow correspondingly as the country still has a long way to go in improving people’s livelihoods and eradicating poverty”.

Su Wei added, however, that the country would do everything it could to fight the negative effects caused by global warming and cut carbon intensity. Not many people took comfort in that.

That was then

By November 2010, China seemed to have changed its tune when, one week before the UN Cancun Conference, it vowed to “effectively control” emissions over the next five years. It also reiterated its dedication to reduce its carbon intensity by 40 – 45% by 2020.

According to Xie Zhenhua, deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), China has cut carbon emissions by about 1.5 billion tones. This is a result of energy-saving and emission-reduction measures in its 11th Five-Year Plan (2005-2010). “The size of the emission reduction is greater than any other country in the world. This is China’s contribution (to preventing global climate change),” said Xie. Considering that China is the world’s biggest emitter of carbon dioxide, this is less impressive than it sounds.

Looking ahead

What is heartening is the fact that China is dedicated to reducing carbon emissions, carbon intensity and the effects of climate change. It’s been suggested that China might even provide a leading example for the rest of the world. It starts with engaging local municipalities, education and incentives and is being driven by a government that really has no choice.

Pollution is expensive; it costs the country 8 – 12% of its GDP annually, it’s estimated that 460 000 people die from pollution-related causes every year and it has led to large-scale desertification, which will probably never be reversed.

Jonathan Watts, Asia Environment correspondent for the Guardian, says that China’s environmental problems are worse than assumed, but that it’s “doing more to try and solve them than people give them credit for”.

This can be seen in the country’s recognition of its dire water problem (50% of China’s water is considered too contaminated for human consumption), its programme to try and reclaim desert land (which is a very long-term plan – at least 300 years), its intention to address problematic farming methods and the tightening of environmental laws, which are currently vague, ambiguous and not adequately enforced.

China’s environmental problems are many, and attempts to combat them will be fraught with challenges, most notably the continued need for development, but with the government and NGOs finally agreeing to certain measures, and growing public awareness there could be blue skies on China’s horizon.

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